Negative impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has reproductive and metabolic aspects that may affect bone health. Controversial results from different studies regarding the risk of fractures, bone mineral density (BMD) or bone markers led to uncertainty whether PCOS might improve or deteriorate bone health. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCOS on bone markers, BMD and fracture risk. SEARCH METHODS: A systematic review and a meta-analysis were carried out. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible studies from 1st of January of 1990 to 9th of October of 2018. Eligible studies enrolled women older than 18 years with PCOS, which should be diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Consensus, the Androgen Excess Society, the National Institutes of Health Consensus or the International Classification of Diseases. The studies were grouped according to patient mean BMI: <27 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2. The results were polled as mean difference (MD), standardized MD (SMD) and hazard ratio (HR). OUTCOMES: Overall, 921 studies were retrieved, and 31 duplicated studies were removed. After screening the titles and abstracts, 80 studies were eligible for full text reading. Of those, 23 studies remained for qualitative synthesis. With the exception of one study, all studies were considered high quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS; score ≥6). Meta-analysis was performed in 21 studies, with a total of 31 383 women with PCOS and 102 797 controls. Women with PCOS with BMI <27 kg/m2 had lower BMD of the total femur (MD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.00; I2 = 31%; P = 0.22) and spine (MD, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.01; I2 = 70%; P < 0.01) when compared with the control group, whereas for women with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 no difference was observed (femur: MD, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.05; I2 = 20%, P = 0.29; spine: MD, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.05; I2 = 0%; P = 0.84). Osteocalcin was remarkably reduced in women with PCOS with BMI <27 kg/m2 (SMD, -2.68; 95% CI, -4.70 to -0.67; I2 = 98%; P < 0.01), but in women with BMI ≥27 kg/m2, there were no differences between PCOS and controls. Few studies (n = 3) addressed the incidence of bone fractures in women with PCOS. The HR for total bone fractures did not identify differences between women with PCOS and controls. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of the available evidence, it is possible to assume that PCOS in women with BMI <27 kg/m2 is associated with reduced BMD in the spine and femur, and decreased bone formation, as manifested by lower levels of circulating osteocalcin. These findings suggest that bone parameters in PCOS may be linked, to some extent, to adiposity. These studies included premenopausal women, who have already achieved peak bone mass. Hence, further prospective studies are necessary to clarify the existence of increased risk of fractures in women with PCOS.

Clinical and mammographic profile of patients with breast cancer surgically treated.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and mammographic profile of women with breast cancer who were treated at the mastology clinic of the University Hospital of Santa Maria and who underwent breast surgery between January 2007 and December 2012. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study, approved by the Ethics in Research Committee. A review of the patients' medical records was performed. The data were then exported to a software program for statistical analysis, namely Minitab 14.1. RESULTS: the patients' profile indicated that they were mostly born and raised in Santa Maria (respectively 11.1%, n=16, and 26.3%, n=68). They were about 55.6 years old (SD ± 12.3), white (90.2%, n=213), had already given birth and breastfed their children, were nonsmokers, but also overweight (average BMI of 27 kg/m2). On physical examination of the first medical consultation, these patients, as described in the records: had a palpable mass (81.1%, n=184) measuring over three centimeters, located in the left breast, precisely in the upper outer quadrant (41.4%, n=81). Mammography (39%, n=109) showed that this lump was classified as BIRADS ® 5 (40%, n=81). On histopathological examination, the lump was diagnosed as an invasive ductal cancer (71.1%, n=191). Surgery was generally a radical mastectomy (84.7%, n=236) with axillary dissection (92.5%, n=222). CONCLUSION: some of the epidemiological, clinical and mammographic features mentioned above resembled those found in the literature reviewed. However, these patients had advanced disease and underwent non conservative surgical procedures.

Clinical and mammographic profile of patients with breast cancer surgically treated / Perfil clínico e mamográfico das pacientes com câncer de mama, tratadas cirurgicamente.

Summary Objective: to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and mammographic profile of women with breast cancer who were treated at the mastology clinic of the University Hospital of Santa Maria and who underwent breast surgery between January 2007 and December 2012. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, approved by the Ethics in Research Committee. A review of the patients' medical records was performed. The data were then exported to a software program for statistical analysis, namely Minitab 14.1. Results: the patients' profile indicated that they were mostly born and raised in Santa Maria (respectively 11.1%, n=16, and 26.3%, n=68). They were about 55.6 years old (SD±12.3), white (90.2%, n=213), had already given birth and breastfed their children, were nonsmokers, but also overweight (average BMI of 27kg/m2). On physical examination of the first medical consultation, these patients, as described in the records: had a palpable mass (81.1%, n=184) measuring over three centimeters, located in the left breast, precisely in the upper outer quadrant (41.4%, n=81). Mammography (39%, n=109) showed that this lump was classified as BIRADS ® 5 (40%, n=81). On histopathological examination, the lump was diagnosed as an invasive ductal cancer (71.1%, n=191). Surgery was generally a radical mastectomy (84.7%, n=236) with axillary dissection (92.5%, n=222). Conclusion: some of the epidemiological, clinical and mammographic features mentioned above resembled those found in the literature reviewed. However, these patients had advanced disease and underwent non conservative surgical procedures. .

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico, clínico e mamográfico de mulheres com câncer de mama atendidas no ambulatório de mastologia do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (UFSM) e submetidas à cirurgia de mama no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012. Métodos: estudo de prevalência realizado de modo transversal, após ter sido aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foram realizadas revisões dos prontuários das pacientes. As informações obtidas foram transpassadas para um programa de análise estatístico, o Minitab 14.1. Resultados: o perfil das pacientes, encontrado no estudo, mostrou que elas eram, na maioria, naturais ou procedentes de Santa Maria (respectivamente 11,1%, n=16, e 26,3%, n=68). Elas tinham 55,6 anos (DP±12,3), eram brancas (90,2%, n=213), gestaram, amamentaram, não eram tabagistas, mas estavam com sobrepeso (IMC médio de 27 kg/m2). No exame físico do primeiro atendimento, essas pacientes, conforme descrito no prontuário, tinham nódulo palpável (81,1%, n=184) com mais de 3 cm na mama esquerda, precisamente no quadrante lateral superior (41,4%, n=81). Na mamografia (39%, n=109), esse nódulo foi classificado como BI-RADS® 5 (40%, n=81). No exame histopatológico, o nódulo foi diagnosticado como câncer do tipo ductal invasor (71,1%, n=191). A cirurgia foi, em geral, uma mastectomia radical (84,7%, n=236) com esvaziamento axilar (92,5%, n=222). Conclusão: concluiu-se que algumas das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e mamográficas citadas acima assemelharam-se com a literatura revisada. No entanto, essas pacientes apresentavam câncer de mama em estádio avançado e foram submetidas a uma técnica cirúrgica não conservadora. .

Relato de dois casos de tumores retro-retais e revisão da literatura / Report of two cases of retrorectal tumors and literature review

Os tumores retro-retais são neoplasias raras no adulto. No espaço retro-retal, existem diversas estruturas embriológicas, que podem desenvolver grupos heterogêneos de tumores benignos e malignos. A apresentação clínica desses tumores é inespecífica, variando de queixas urinárias ou intestinais a ausência de sintomas, e a via de acesso cirúrgica ainda é alvo de discussão na literatura. Os autores relatam dois casos de tumores retro-retais, suas manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e aspectos cirúrgicos

The retro-rectal tumors are rare neoplasms in adults. In the retro-rectal space, there are various embryological structures, which can develop a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant tumors. The clinical presentation of these tumors is nonspecific, ranging from urinary or intestinal complaints to absence of symptoms, and the surgical approach is still a matter of discussion in the literature. The authors report two cases of retro-rectal tumors, their clinical manifestations, diagnosis and surgical aspects